Historic accuracy of the movie 300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 - Essay Example The third correct historical accurate aspect of the movie concerns the words Spartan mothers tell their sons as they go to war: â€Å"Come back carrying your shield, or being carried upon it.† In the movie, Spartan Queen Gorgo {played by Lena Headey} says these words to her husband King Leonidas {played by Gerard Butler} as he prepares to lead his 300 Spartans to war against the Persians (Borza) The first historical inaccuracy in the movie concerns the size of the Persian army lined up against the Spartans in the epic battle of Thermopylae. The movie trailer mentions: â€Å"They {the Spartans} were 300 men against a Million.† The movie relies on the classical historian Herodotus, who estimated the Persian army at 1,700,000 soldiers collected from 46 nations. However, keeping in mind the population structure of the Achaemenid Persian Empire of that era, modern European scholars like Ernst Obst, William Woodthorpe Tarn and Robert von Fischer are in total agreement that the acceptable number was between 100,000 to 200,000. Even if 1,700,000 troops were somehow collected, it would be a monumentally huge logistical miracle to coordinate, put into position and effectively control the massive number of troops from so many nations given that computers and communication technology did not exist at that time. Secondly, if a 1,700,000 strong army had traveled the long distance from Asia to Greece in the absence of the railway and telegraph, the prevalent logistics and supply would be unable to provide sustenance for them (Farrokh). The second historical inaccuracy relates to weapons and armory. Firstly, the swords of both Greeks and Persians are depicted as traditional in size. In historical records, the Persian swords during that time were shorter and resembled daggers, while the swords of the Greeks were longer than traditional swords. The short size of

Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay Essay Example for Free

Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay Essay Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay/ To mould thee man? Did I solicit thee/ From darkness to promote me? Adams words appear in 1818 edition of FR. What light do they cast on the Creature? Does Shelley present him as monster or victim? By using the above quote from Paradise Lost (printed in the epigraph on the title page of Frankenstein) Shelley has shown that she does see some parallels with Gods creation of man and Frankensteins creation. However through the novel Shelley expresses many opinions and criticisms of society which were influenced by her own family circumstances and her vast reading. She makes constant reference to family and the concept of alienation and by examining how the creature is treated we can form a better view on whether he is a monster or a victim. Shelley quickly gets the reader involved in the story by enabling us to read the letters Walton writes to his sister. This epistolary style gives a sense of realism to the whole story and thus prepares us to hear Frankenstein and the creatures accounts later on through Waltons journal, which forms a frame for their versions of the story. Because we are hearing Frankensteins version through the eyes of Walton, a romantic character, who bitterly feel(s) the want of a friend and quickly identifies Frankenstein as the sort of person who could satisfy this want, we may be hearing a biased version of the events. We also see the Creatures version told to Frankenstein and then recorded in Waltons journal. However, the eloquent rhetoric used by the creature give the impression that we are not reading an entirely prejudiced report of the creatures account who may otherwise have appeared less articulate and more like a babbling monster. However, first of all I will examine Frankensteins narrative where we can see that there is regular emphasis put on the benevolence of the characters. His father passed his younger days perpetually occupied by the affairs of his country and his parents benevolent dispositions often made them enter the cottages of the poor. His mother is described as having a soft and benevolent mind and his own early childhood memories are of his mothers soft caresses and his fathers smile of benevolent pleasure. This emphasis on the importance of benevolence can be traced to Shelleys father, William Godwin a radical thinker who believed that universal benevolence would create a just and virtuous society and that a true solitaire could not be considered a moral being. Shelley by dedicating her book to her father would seem to be showing that she believed and shared in some of his philosophy and this would appear to be the case here. Before we hear the creatures story we see the use of both Romantic and Gothic imagery setting the scene. Frankenstein is enjoying the beauty of nature when a noble war in the sky takes place. This is a description of a storm which is taking place and Shelley frequently uses the weather and sublime scenery before the entry of the creature or when something unpleasant is about to take place. If we then start to look at the creatures narrative reported by Frankenstein to Walton (thus showing how Shelley has used a set of enclosing narratives Waltons narrative being the framing narrative with Frankensteins story enclosed in this and the creatures enclosed within that. ) we see that his story is totally the opposite to Frankenstein. When we do see the entry of the creature we see that his first memories are the opposite to Frankensteins, they are not of benevolence he is rejected by his creator, followed by the repulsion and horror of the shepherd, followed by the villagers chasing him off and the DeLaceys and finally after saving the life of a young girl he is shot by a man. Accordingly, in his own words: I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend. The idea of the unfallen state of innocence possessed before the creatures corruption, brought about from his contact with society, is something Shelley had come into contact with from her reading of Rousseaus books. The creature claims to have read Paradise Lost (believing it to be factual) and other books such as Plutarchs Lives and through these and listening to the DeLaceys he starts to build up a picture of the philosophy of society. He sees himself as the lowest of the low when he learns about the class system and when he sees his own reflection. The latter he describes as miserable deformity. Consequently the solitary and abhorred creature who believes himself to be miserably alone compares himself to Adam. However he realises that Adam had not been alone and his creator had not turned from him in disgust and abandoned him. Because no Eve soothed my sorrows nor shared my thoughts he sees that his only hope of happiness is to have a female version of himself created. Thus we see again parallels being drawn with the Paradise Lost story. Using eloquent and persuasive language Frankenstein is persuaded to create a second creature. Of course, he later decides against this and we see the creature once again facing a life alone, miserably alone and it is in this state we see him once again causing death and destruction. Some readers see that the book is a rejection of the excess of romanticism, perhaps Shelley saw this excess in her husband Percy and felt the need to voice an objection. If a person becomes obsessed with the pursuit of knowledge then things can go wrong and this could be seen to be the case with Frankenstein. Others believe that Frankenstein represents a man who sees himself in the place of God who does not need a woman to have a child and if this is the case once again we can see that Shelley has shown how things can go wrong and instead of No father should claim the gratitude of his child as completely as I should deserve theirs we see a creature alone, miserably alone who sees the only way forwards is the annihilation of one of (them) Consequently, it is my opinion the creature was a victim and that this is the way that Shelley intended us to judge him. She wished the readers to see that society has a responsibility for everyone. We should not judge people by their appearance and we should take responsibility for the less fortunate people in our society. She was writing at the time of the industrial revolution and when many new scientific theories were being advanced and perhaps saw the danger of what could happen if people failed to take responsibility for their actions and perhaps even believed that it would one day be possible to create beings and wanted to ensure that scientists would see that they had a responsibility for anything that they did create. The creature had no loving family or friends and no one to guide him and therefore it is inevitable that he would turn into a monster but a monster because of the way he had been treated and therefore a victim. Am I to be thought the only criminal, when all human kind sinned against me?

Business Studies coursework Task 8 continued: :: Business and Management Studies

Business Studies coursework Task 8 continued: Latest news shows that the car company, MG Rover will be taken over by a Chinese car manufacturer. This may vastly affect the sales of car production for the MG Rover Company. The company ‘Shanghai Automotive’ will own 70% of the company whilst MG Rover owning 30%, which means that the company may change names and affect customer’s who already own a MG car, meaning they may feel unhappy with the change, as the company production maybe moving to China. This means sales and customer satisfaction may change dramatically for the business. As the company is taking over (Shanghai Automotive) this means that they are going to inject around  £1 billion pounds aiming to make over 100 million cars a year. This means saving over 6000 jobs that would have been depleted if the Chinese car manufacturers had not come up with the money to save the business. This maybe recognised by the public, meaning that they like the new changes as they will be able to carry on with their job. However, the problems that have occurred are that they want to concentrate the main manufacturing of the car over in China, and bringing machines and technology over to Britain, but only are considering making around 200,000 cars. This means that the cars available are lower, and that people who buy the cars may think that they are buying a British car, but are buying a car exported from China, which they may not like. Especially if something goes wrong with the car that they have bought, they do not know if there are local garages and car manufacturers near their homes. This could mean that the customer is unhappy as more expenses are being made just to satisfy there non-British car. They may also be against the fact that there car has not been made in Britain; therefore it can only be fixed if it was sent back to the manufacturers in China. Reports have shown that there are three types of cars that they will introduce under the new manufacturers ‘Shanghai Automotive’. The first will be the mid-sized family car, then the sports car, and finally a smaller car like the Rover 25, and also a sleek executive model. This is good news as we are promoting the MG-TF, which is a sports car, so in the future when we are promoting the MG-TF, we can be sure that sales will happen, because sports cars will still be made. As the production of cars is being extended to China, both ‘Shanghai Automotive’ and ‘MG Rover’ have said they are expanding the business

MICHAEL CAIN :: essays papers

MICHAEL CAIN Michael Cain is an attorney for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) and he came to talk to us about the evolution of the public trust doctrine in Wisconsin dealing with navigable water and current development issues related to the public trust. The doctrine states that a sizable body of common law has developed which holds that all navigable waters are held in trust by the state for the public and through the DNR Department of Justice and District Attorneys they have an affirmative duty to protect these public trust waters. With the increase in recreational and developmental pressures the amount of aquatic resources diminishes increasing the importance of this issue and the grounds of the public trust doctrine. This is important because the doctrine provides the foundation for preserving aquatic natural resources for the future. Wisconsin is facing developmental problems mainly, but not limited to, the northern part of the state. People want to buy lakefront property to put their home or cottage on to get further from the cities and closer to nature. What they don’t realize is that developing this lakefront property like your home in the cities is ruining the natural vegetation and destroying shoreline habitat. The runoff of chemicals gets in the water affecting water quality and the removal of shoreline vegetation for recreational purposes reduces wildlife habitat. Basically they are pushing out the wildlife that they are trying to get closer to by being in the north woods. Cain talked about the historical aspect behind the public trust doctrine and its judicial construction. The doctrine was written to reflect the â€Å"public’s interest† in waterways and to respond to the activities that have and will impact the navigable waterways. The doctrine took into consideration cases such as Willow River vs. Wade in 1898 recognizing the right of the public to fish in navigable waters. The doctrine was later expanded with the recognition of changes in public needs and use such as recreational purposes and scenic beauty. Many important cases have come before the Supreme Court since the expansion of the trust doctrine. Take the Village of Menomonee Falls vs. DNR where there was the proposal to channelize two and a half miles of Lilly Creek with concrete for purposes of stormwater control. The DNR won this case because it would destroy the natural habitat and aesthetics of the stream and was inconsistent with the goals for the area that had already been established.

Direct Order Strategy

Methods of Development: Writing Routine, Good-News, and Goodwill Messages Most business communications can be prepared by following one of three patterns or methods of development: Direct Order, Indirect Order, or Persuasive Order. This lecture will discuss the direct order that is used for most routine, good-news and goodwill messages. Learning Objectives: ? To understand methods of development for writing routine business messages. ? To recognize structure of presenting routine messages. ? To identify situations which require the routine method of development. Lecture Outline Planning Your MessageBasic Components of the Direct Message Strategy Examples of Routine Messages Routine Request Main Idea Details Close Placing Orders Requesting Action and Information Making Claims and Requesting Adjustments Requesting References or Recommendations Routine Announcements, Replies and Positive Messages Issuing Informative Messages Requesting Information and Action Claims and Adjustments Recom mendations and References Announcements Goodwill Conclusion Planning Your Message Most business communications can be prepared by following one of three patterns or methods of development: Direct Order, Indirect Order, or Persuasive Order.When planning your message, you should analyze your audience and choose an organizational approach that will effectively communicate your main idea. Analyze the audience—ask yourself these important questions ? Who is the audience? ? What are their needs? ? What cultural differences exist? ? What do I want them to do? ? What tools will help persuade the audience? ? Would emotional or logical appeals be best? You should consider your audience’s demographics: age, gender, occupation, income, education, and other quantifiable characteristics.Also consider your audience’s psychographics: the psychological characteristics of a person such as personality, attitudes, and lifestyle. Satisfying audience needs is the most effective way t o motivate your audience. Because needs differ, people respond to messages differently Choose an organizational approach ? Use the direct approach when –Audience is objective –Audience prefers to hear the â€Å"bottom line† first –Message is long or complex –Corporate culture encourages directness ? Use the indirect approach when –Audience is negative –Audience won’t object to indirect approach -Message is short and clear Top Basic Components of the Direct Message Strategy Main idea: Because you will use the diamond arrangement, the opening paragraph should be short. It should express the main idea as a positive message with the single most important idea, concisely stated. It should be a clear idea of the focus of the letter or memo. This is what the reader wants to know and what you want the reader to know. In a memo or e-mail, you expand the subject line into a topic sentence. Remember, getting right to the point does not me an being abrupt or tactless.It’s important to use cordial statements such as please or I would appreciate. Details: Middle paragraphs will be longer because they contain all the necessary information, questions, justification or explanation. This should satisfy the reader’s informational needs. Give all details necessary to support the main idea in your opening paragraph. Make sure this section is clear, complete and concise. Revise to eliminate repetition or wordiness. Positive close: The closing paragraph will be a short paragraph. It could summarize the main point, indicate what should happen next, and/or highlight reader benefit.It should have a positive tone and may include a call to action when you need the reader to respond with additional action. Make compliance easy such as including information about how you can be reached or how the reader is to respond. Why is the direct method of development appropriate for most business messages? Most business messages (m ore than 80%) are routine requests for information or action. They should be organized directly unless they involve sensitive issues. The everyday transactions of a business will be directed at an audience whose reaction will be positive or neutral. What are some examples of routine messages? Requesting information or action ? Placing orders ? Making straightforward claims See checklist p. 265 ? Complying with requests ? Granting claims and making adjustments ? Writing letters of recommendation See checklist p. 275-276 ? Goodwill messages See checklist pp. 280-281 Looking at the checklists, you will notice that all of these routine messages follow the basic direct order strategy: main idea, details, positive close. The content will vary depending on your purpose but because they are still routine messages to a positive or neutral audience, the direct approach is the easiest and fastest method of development.Let’s look at several examples. Top Examples of Routine Messages Rout ine Request Whenever you ask for something, you are making a request. A request is routine if it’s part of the normal course of business and you anticipate that your audience will want to comply. Like all routine messages, routine requests may be thought of as having three parts: an opening, a body, and a close. Using the direct approach, you place your main idea (a clear statement of the request) in the opening. You use the middle to give details and justify your request.Then you close by requesting specific action and concluding cordially. As you prepare your routine requests, keep in mind that despite their simple organization, they can still cause ill will through ambiguous wording or a discourteous tone. In fact, even the briefest note can create confusion and hard feelings. As with any business message, keep your purpose in mind. Ask yourself what you want readers to do or to understand as a result of reading your message. [pic] Begin routine requests by placing your re quest first—up front is where it stands out and gets the most attention.Of course, getting right to the point should not be interpreted as a license to be abrupt or tactless: Be specific. State precisely what you want. Pay attention to tone. Even though you expect a favorable response, the tone of your initial request is important. Instead of demanding action (â€Å"Send me your catalog no. 33A†), soften your request with words such as please and I would appreciate. Assume your audience will comply. An impatient demand for rapid service isn’t necessary. Generally, assume that your audience will comply with your request once the reason for it is clearly understood.Avoid beginning with personal introductions. Don’t be tempted to begin your request with a personal introduction such as â€Å"I am the senior corporate writer in the corporate relations department of ABC Company, and I am looking for information that . . . † Punctuate questions and polite requests differently. A polite request in question form requires no question mark (â€Å"Would you please help us determine whether Kate Kingsley is a suitable applicant for this position. †) A direct question within your message does require a question mark (â€Å"Did Kate Kingsley demonstrate an ability to work smoothly with clients? ) Top [pic] Use the middle section of your message to explain your initial request. Make the explanation a smooth and logical outgrowth of your opening remarks. You can use the middle section of your routine request to list a series of questions. Just keep a few basics in mind: Ask the most important questions first. If cost is your main concern, you might begin with a question such as â€Å"What is the cost for shipping the merchandise by air versus truck? † Then you may want to ask more specific but related questions about, say, the cost of shipping partial orders.Ask only relevant questions. So that your request can be handled quick ly, ask only questions central to your main request. If your questions require simple yes-or-no answers, you might provide readers with a form or with boxes to check. If you need more elaborate answers, pose open-ended questions. â€Å"How fast can you ship the merchandise? † is more likely to elicit the information you want than â€Å"Can you ship the merchandise? † Deal with only one topic per question. If you have an unusual or complex request, list the request and provide supporting details in a separate, short paragraph.Try using paragraph headings to make your reader’s job easier. Top [pic] Use the closing to request a specific action and to ask that readers respond by a specific and appropriate time (â€Å"Please send the figures by April 5 so that I can return first quarter results to you before the May 20 conference†). Help your reader respond easily by including your phone number, office hours, and other contact information. Conclude your messag e by expressing your goodwill and appreciation, but don’t thank the reader â€Å"in advance† for cooperating. If the reader’s reply warrants a word of thanks, send it after you’ve received the reply.The various types of routine requests are innumerable, from asking favors to requesting credit. However, many of the routine messages that you’ll be writing will likely fall into major categories: placing orders, requesting information and action, making claims and requesting adjustments, and requesting recommendations and references. Top Placing Orders Messages placing orders are considered some of the simplest types of routine messages. When placing an order, you need not excite your reader's interest; just state your needs clearly and directly.Most orders refer to a product that the reader knows about, so these messages are usually processed without objection. Most companies today are moving toward paperless ordering by using computer-generated order forms. Still, if you need to draft an order letter, follow the same format as you would on an order blank. Main Idea: Open with the general request. Details: In the middle, include specific information about the items you want. Present this information in column form, double-space between the items, and total the price at the end.Positive Close: In the close, be sure to specify the delivery address, since it may differ from the billing address. Also indicate how the merchandise is to be shipped: by air or ground, by a specific delivery services, and so on. Otherwise, the seller chooses the mode of transportation. Finally, in any letter including a payment, mention the amount enclosed, explain how the amount was calculated, and if necessary, explain to what account the amount should be charged. Top Requesting Action and Information When you need to know about something, to elicit an opinion from someone, or to suggest a simple action, you usually need only ask.If your reader can do what you want, such a straightforward request gets the job done with a minimum of fuss. In more complex situations, readers might be unwilling to respond unless they understand how the request benefits them, so be sure to include this information in your explanation. Internal: Requests to fellow employees are often oral and rather casual. However, as long as you avoid writing frequent, long, or unneeded messages, sending a clear, thoughtfully written memo or e-mail message can save time and questions by helping readers understand precisely what you want.External: Business writers often ask businesses, customers, or others outside their organization to provide information or to take some simple action: attend a meeting, return an information card, endorse a document, confirm an address, or supplement information on an order. Such requests are often in letter form, although some are sent via e-mail. These messages are usually short and simple. In more complex situations, readers might be unwilling to respond unless they understand how the request benefits them, so be sure to include benefit information in your explanation. Top Making Claims and Requesting AdjustmentsWhen you’re dissatisfied with a company’s product or service, you make a claim (a formal complaint) or request an adjustment (a claim settlement). Although a phone call or visit may solve the problem, a written claim letter is better because it documents your dissatisfaction. Moreover, even though your first reaction to a clumsy mistake or a defective product is likely to be anger or frustration, the person reading your letter probably had nothing to do with the problem. So a courteous, clear, concise explanation will impress your reader much more favorably than an abusive, angry letter.In most cases, and especially in your first letter, assume that a fair adjustment will be made, and follow the plan for direct requests. Begin with a straightforward statement of the problem. In the midd le section, give a complete, specific explanation of the details. Provide any information an adjuster would need to verify your complaint about faulty merchandise or unsatisfactory service. In your closing, politely request specific action or convey a sincere desire to find a solution. And don’t forget to suggest that the business relationship will continue if the problem is solved satisfactorily. Top Requesting References or RecommendationsIf you’re applying for a job and your potential employer asks for references, you may want to ask a personal or professional associate to write a letter of recommendation. Or, if you’re an employer considering whether to hire an applicant, you may want to write directly to the person the applicant named as a reference. Because requests for recommendations and references are routine, assume your reader will honor your request and organize your inquiry using the direct approach. Begin your message by clearly stating that you're applying for a position and that you want your reader to write a letter of recommendation.If you haven't had contact with the person for some time, use the opening to recall the nature of the relationship you had, the dates of association, and any special events that might bring a clear, favorable picture of you to mind. If you're applying for a job, a scholarship, or the like, include a copy of your resume to give the reader an idea of the direction your life has taken. If you don't have a resume, use the middle of your letter to include any information about yourself that the reader might use to support a recommendation, such as a description of related jobs you've held.Close your letter with an expression of appreciation and the full name and address of the person to whom the letter should be sent. When asking for an immediate recommendation, you should also mention the deadline. You'll make a response more likely if you enclose a stamped, preaddressed envelope. Top Routine Anno uncements, Replies and Positive Messages Like requests, routine announcements, replies, and positive messages have an opening, a body, and a close. Readers receiving these messages will generally be interested in what you have to say, so you’ll usually use the direct approach.Place your main idea (the positive reply or the good news) in the opening. Use the middle to explain all the relevant details, and close cordially, perhaps highlighting a benefit to your reader. Innumerable types of routine announcements, replies and positive messages are used in business every day. Most of these messages fall into six main categories: issuing informative messages, granting requests for information and action, granting claims and requests for adjustments, providing recommendations and references, announcing good news, and sending goodwill messages.Top [pic]Issuing Informative Messages [pic]Requesting Information and Action All companies send routine informative messages such as reminder notices and policy statements. When writing informative messages, use the beginning of the message to state the purpose (to inform) and briefly mention the nature of the information you are providing; use the body to provide the necessary details; and end with a courtesy close. Most informative communications are neutral. That is, they stimulate neither a positive or negative response from readers.Some informative messages, however, require additional care. Policy statements or procedural changes, for instance, may be good news for the company and employees (the company can save money which will provide additional resources and even raises for employees) but such benefits may not be obvious to employees. In instances where the reader may not initially view the information positively, use the body of the message to highlight the benefits from the readers’ perspective. Top If your answer to a request is yes or is straightforward information, the direct plan is appropriate.Your prompt, gracious, and thorough response will positively influence how people think about your company, its products, your department, and you. When you're answering requests and a potential sale is involved, you have three main goals: (1) to respond to the inquiry and answer all questions, (2) to leave your reader with a good impression of you and your firm, and (3) to encourage the future sale. Top [pic]Claims and Adjustments When your company is at fault and your response is positive, you must protect your company’s image and try to regain the customer’s goodwill by referring to company errors carefully.Explain your company’s efforts to do a good job, implying that the error was an unusual incident. When your customer is at fault, you can (1) refuse the claim and attempt to justify your refusal or (2) simply do what the customer asks. If you refuse the claim, you may lose your customer—as well as many of the customer's friends, who will hear only one si de of the dispute. Weigh the cost of the adjustment against the cost of losing future business from one or more customers. When a third party is at fault, you have three options: †¢ Simply honor the claim.You can satisfy your customer with the standard good-news letter and no additional explanation. †¢ Honor the claim, but explain you’re not at fault. This option corrects any impression that the damage was caused by your negligence. You can still write the standard good-news letter, but stress the explanation. †¢ Refer the claimant to the third party. When you suggest filing a claim with the firm that caused the defect or damage, you fail to satisfy the claimant’s needs. The exception is when you're trying to dissociate yourself from any legal responsibility for the damaged merchandise.In such a case, write a bad-news message. Top [pic]Recommendations and References When writing a letter of recommendation or reference, you want to convince readers that t he person being recommended has the characteristics necessary for the job or benefit being sought. Your letter must contain all the relevant details. Your audience will have trouble believing uninterrupted praise for someone's talents and accomplishments. So illustrate your general points with a specific example or two that point out the candidate's abilities.You have an obligation to refer to any shortcoming that is serious and related to job performance. If you must refer to a shortcoming, you can best protect yourself by sticking to the facts, avoiding value judgments, and placing your criticism in the context of a generally favorable recommendation You can also avoid trouble by asking yourself the following questions before mailing a recommendation letter: †¢ Does the person receiving this personal information have a legitimate right to it? †¢ Does all the information I’ve presented relate directly to the job/benefit being sought? Have I put the candidate's case as strongly and as honestly as I can? †¢ Have I avoided overstating the candidate's abilities or otherwise misleading the reader? †¢ Have I based my statements on firsthand knowledge and provable facts? Top [pic]Announcements To develop and maintain good relationships, companies recognize that it's good business to spread the word about positive developments, whether the company is opening new facilities, appointing a new executive, introducing new products or services, or sponsoring community events.Writing a letter to the successful job applicant is a pleasure. Such a letter is eagerly awaited, so the direct approach is appropriate. A company announcing a new discount program to customers would begin the letter by trumpeting the news. The middle section would fill in the details of the discount program, and the close would include a bit of resale information and a confident prediction of a profitable business relationship. However, when the audience for a good-news mess age is large and scattered, companies often communicate through the mass media.The specialized documents used to convey such information to the media are called news releases. Top [pic]Goodwill You can enhance your relationships with customers, colleagues, and other businesspeople by sending friendly, unexpected notes with no direct business purpose. To come across as sincere, avoid exaggeration and back up any compliments with specific points. One prime opportunity for sending goodwill messages is to congratulate someone for a significant business achievement—perhaps for being promoted or for attaining an important civic position.Other reasons for sending congratulations include the highlights in people's personal lives. It is important to recognize the contributions of employees, colleagues, suppliers, and other associates. Your praise does more than just make the person feel good; it encourages further excellence. Moreover, a message of appreciation may become an important part of someone's personnel file. So when you write a message of appreciation, try to specifically mention the person or people you want to praise. In times of serious trouble and deep sadness, written condolences and expressions of sympathy leave their mark.Begin condolences with a brief statement of sympathy, such as â€Å"I was deeply sorry to hear of your loss. † In the middle, mention the good qualities or the positive contributions made by the deceased. State what the person or business meant to you. In closing, you can offer your condolences and your best wishes. Top Conclusion You should write positive or neutral messages using the direct order method of development. By introducing the main idea in the first paragraph, the reader immediately understands the purpose.The body of the message should provide all the details the reader will need to understand or respond. The closing will be a positive statement, a call to action, or a statement of good will and will keep t he reader well disposed to you and your company. [pic] Sources: Bovee, Courtland L and John V. Thill. Business Communication Today. 6th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. Guffey, Mary Ellen. Business Communication: Process and Product. 4th edition. Thomson—South-Western, 2003. ———————– Main Idea Details Positive Close

Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society †Essay

Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society – Essay Free Online Research Papers Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society Essay In her essay â€Å"Cosmetic surgery: Paying for your beauty,† Debra Gimlin concludes that â€Å"women who undergo plastic surgery help to reproduce some of the worst aspects of the beauty culture, not so much through the act of surgery itself as through their ideological efforts to restore appearance as an indicator of character† (Gimlin, 107). I believe that women, who decide upon plastic surgery, have a stronger character than those who stay unhappy with their appearance, although it is obvious to me that women who do get plastic surgery will most likely fight a constant battle with society. Throughout this paper I will be proving my thesis along with discussing what Gimlin means by the above quote. I will compare Gimlin’s essay to Lisa Carver’s article â€Å"Surrender the Pink,† in terms of whether or not the vagina is also an indicator of character, along with discussing the complicating factors that such a comparison between the types of surgery Gimlin discusses and the types Carver discusses. In Gimlin’s essay she points out a group of women who seem to believe that their culture is judging their outer appearances. These women responded to the judgment, with plastic surgery. It was clear that the women interviewed by Gimlin all had plastic surgery to correct a perceived flaw, and not to please anyone else. In the quote used in the before paragraph, Gimlin seems to be critical, not of the women who get plastic surgery, but of our culture that emphasizes what a beautiful person is. I believe what Gimlin means by â€Å"appearance as an indicator of character† (107) is that this is what she believes women use to judge themselves. Instead of looking at their values and beliefs, they think that others focus on their appearance above and before their character. She is saying that women who give in to plastic surgery to correct a self perceived abnormality are allowing our society to judge them based on super models on magazine covers or billboards. These women are forgetting that appearance is not an indicator of character, but that their character might be questioned after undergoing plastic surgery. Gimlin states, â€Å"Simply put, if plastic surgery were a successful method for constructing identity, these women would argue that the surgically altered body†¦ rather than body work that has proved unsuccessful at shaping the body or establishing the self†¦ serves to symbolize identity† (Gimlin, 106). This quote is very similar to the above quote. It is easier for w omen to connect their identity to a surgically altered body, than a body, which will not look how they want it to, no matter how much work they put into it. Although in the quote, I am also given the feeling that women who have had plastic surgery still cannot completely connect their identity to their new body. I believe that women need to learn to love themselves on the inside, before they change their outside. If they do not love themselves before the surgery, chances are they will not feel complete after the surgery. Women want to feel that they can identify themselves as being beautiful, and by turning to plastic surgery after much hard work has not paid off, they can feel better about themselves. Carver’s essay focuses exclusively on vaginal cosmetic surgery, and how women feel about their own genitals. â€Å"My vagina is like an emotion†¦ something other can see and judge, but that I can’t really look at clearly† (Carver, 1). I believe that female genitals are a more sensitive subject to most women that other parts of the body. What Carver is saying is that women have insecurities about almost every part of their bodies, but when it comes to their vagina the fears are much bigger. This is because the vagina is not seen everyday, only you get to choose who can look at it and every women wants to feel normal. Since these women do not know what normal is, except from what they have seen in Playboy, many women feel insecure about their genitals. In Gimlin’s essay the women tried to make it clear that they didn’t necessarily feel judged by others about their appearance flaw, but they judged themselves in Carver’s essay it is ma de clear that women’s genitals are being judged both by themselves and by others. Carver says, â€Å"Do some people go around saying these things about vaginas? (I checked in with my male friend afterwards, and discovered that indeed, terms like ‘roast beef sandwich’ or ‘the hanging garden’ are used by certain men to describe long lips)† (Carver, 2). I do not believe that the vagina is an indicator of character, just as I do not believe that other body parts are indicators of character, but it is easy to see from the quote above, why women might be insecure about their genitals, when some men make rude comments about them. A person’s character does not come from any body part, it comes from their inner feelings, emotions, and beliefs. Since Carver described her vagina as an emotion, one might argue that it does stand for character. But to me, Carver means that women have definite emotions around their vaginas, and if they look â₠¬Å"normal† in societies standards. In one of Gimlin’s interviews that she documented in her essay, a woman named Ann Marie says that just because she turned to plastic surgery, it does not mean she is a bad and/or vain person. To her, she did not want her personal character to be judged upon her decision to get plastic surgery. In her case she worked hard to keep her body looking young, and when the skin on her face would not tighten, but the rest of her body looked as good as it did thirty years before, she got a facelift. This made her feel better about her outer appearance. When you compare this case to a case of vaginal plastic surgery in Carver’s essay, the women seem to have similar views on what is a good reason to undergo plastic surgery. In and interview Carver had with a woman who had vaginal plastic surgery the woman said, â€Å"I felt droopy and funny looking,† one mother of two told me. â€Å"No one complained, but I was inhibited. Now I feel fabulous! I look like a playboy centerfold† (Carver, 2). No matter what kind of plastic surgery is being done, women seem to make it clear, in both readings, that plastic surgery makes them feel better about themselves and that is what’s important. Gimlin states, â€Å"Second, plastic surgery requires a defense. Much like the women I studied in the aerobic classes, those who underwent plastic surgery are working hard to justify themselves† (Gimlin, 107). I believe that women, who make choices in order to feel more comfortable with their appearance, have a stronger inner character and will, than women who stay miserable with their appearances. In both Ann Marie’s case and the mother of two’s case, these women have gotten rid of their beliefs that they do not look as good as other with plastic surgery, but they both have to defend there solution of plastic surgery. To me, women who feel it necessary to get plastic surgery just cannot win in society. Either they don’t feel their appearance is suitable for their culture, or they have to defend their character when trying to do something about their appearance. There are a couple important factors that can complicate the comparison between the types of surgery Gimlin discusses and the types of surgery Carver discusses. The main and most obvious factor is that the surgeries described by Gimlin, were to improve the appearance of women, but they were surgeries that can be see by any person, any time. The women in Gimlin’s essay care more about how they look, to themselves and others, when they are fully clothed. In Carver’s article, these women had surgery to make a private part of their bodies look better. It is clear that these women are more concerned with how they look to a certain, specific person or a set of people. In each of these readings the women were striving to change something about themselves that they think is abnormal, but the difference is that the surgeries discussed in Gimlin’s essay are more common and noticeable than the surgeries in Carver’s article. Another factor that was mentioned in Carver’s essay, but not Gimlin’s was the topic of power. Carver says, He (Dr. Matlock) shines a bright, hot light between your legs and offers you power over a part of yourself you don’t understand. We could by harnessing his â€Å"laserscopy† machine, control our vaginas. That’s the snake oil he’s offering. In the hour and a half I spent with him, he never mentioned men. It was power he was selling me. (Carver, 6) Carver brings up the issue of having power over what you want your vagina to look like. Gimlin never mentions having power or â€Å"playing God.† In the cases Gimlin describes, the doctor has the right to pick and chose his patients. If he does not think that they should receive the surgery, he can deny them of that. In Carver’s article, each of the doctors she visited attempted to sell her the surgery. She mentioned that when looking at the before and after pictures the before pictures looked fine to her. The last doctor she had seen took the approach above and beyond by selling her the power of having the choice of what her vagina looks like. I believe that this is an oversight on Gimlin’s part because she did not find out how other doctors go about choosing their patients. She also made the doctor that she was working with aware that she was writing an article about him and his patients, therefore he was not going to say that he tries to sell his â€Å"work.† Because Carver went undercover for her article, she ended-up getting the more truthful side of plastic surgery. After careful reading and analyzing both of these articles, I can conclude that for some women plastic surgery is the way to go. Gimlin writes, â€Å"Plastic surgery becomes for them not an act of deception but an attempt to align body with self† (Gimlin, 102). There are obviously some pro and cons to plastic surgery, as there are with many other large decisions women make in their lives. But in my opinion, if getting the surgery helps the woman gain confidence without losing her character and beliefs, then more power to her. Research Papers on Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society - EssayThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionGenetic Engineering

population genetics essays

population genetics essays Evolution could be defined as being the total of genetically inherited changes in the individuals who are members of a populations gene pool. Although the effects of evolution are felt by the individual, the population is what truly evolves. Evolution merely changes the frequency of alleles in a population. The definition of evolution, as it is known today, has been shaped largely by Godfrey hardy, a British mathematician, and his contemporary, Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician. Through experimentation and mathematic modeling, they came to the conclusion that gene pool frequencies themselves are stable, however, evolution should be expected all the time. They concluded this seeming paradox by looking at the overall effects of some evolutionary devices (ONeal Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model 1). Hardy and Weinberg (along with the geneticists who followed their projects) came to the understanding that evolution will not occur if seven conditions are reached by that population: 2. Natural selection is not occurring 3. The population is infinitely large 4. All members of the gene pool are capable of breeding 6. Everyone produces the same number of offspring 7. There is no migration in or out of the population To sum the above up, if none of the devices that cause evolution to occur are active in a population, it will not occur. The gene pool frequencies will remain untouched. Nevertheless, since it is nearly impossible that any one of these conditions, let alone all seven at once, are met, evolution is unavoidable (ONeal Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model 1). Hardy and Weinberg continued to develop an equation or formula that can be utilized to figure out the genotypic frequencies and track the changes from one generation to another in a population. It has been coined the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation. ...

Easy and Fun December Writing Prompts

Easy and Fun December Writing Prompts While December is packed with many different holidays, many with religious origins, the prompts below are for celebrating the less traditional, or even odd, events. Here is  a list of writing prompts, one for celebrating each day in December. You can use these as daily warm-ups, journal entries, or for other writing or speaking and listening assignments. December Recognition Safe Toy and Gift MonthUniversal Human Rights MonthWrite to a Friend Month Writing Prompt Ideas for December December 1 - Theme: Rosa Parks DayRead an interview Parks did for Scholastic Magazine.Do you think that racism still exists? Give specific reasons for your answer.December 2 - Theme: Safe Toy and Gift MonthThere are many toys and items that were once commonly given to children that are no longer allowed to be sold. Good Housekeeping keeps a list.Do you think that this is a good thing? Why or why not?December 3 - Theme: International Day of the Disabled PersonThe  Accessible Icon project has designed  the new icon to display an active, engaged image with a focus on the person with a disability.  The new icon is viewable at accessibleicon.orgWhat is the message of this icon, or any other icon, that alerts pedestrians and motorists to be mindful of people with disabilities?December 4 - Theme:  National Dice DayMany of your favorite games use dice (Monopoly, Risk, Trouble, Clue). What was one of those games that you played? Why did you like this game?December 5 - Theme: Walt Disn eys BirthdayWhats your favorite Walt Disney movie? Why? December 6 - Theme: Put on Your Own Shoe DayWhile this holiday may have started as a way to have students learn how to wear and lace up their shoes, you might want to write out what steps towards independence you have taken since you were a child.December 7 - Theme: Pearl Harbor DayListen to President Roosevelts speech on the bombing of Pearl Harbor.What makes the short speech so significant? What language makes this so memorable?December 8 - Theme: Pretend To Be A Time Traveler DayHow far back in time would you go? To yesterday to correct any mistakes? Would you go far back in history? Where would you travel, and why?December 9 - Theme:  Worldwide Candle Lighting Day  The Compassionate Friends Worldwide Candle Lighting unites family and friends around the globe in lighting candles for one hour to honor the memories of the sons, daughters, brothers, sisters, and grandchildren who left too soon. Who would you light a candle for, and why?December 10 - Theme: Human Rights DayWhy do you think that it is important for the world to have a day set aside as Human Rights Day? Explain your answer. December 11 - Theme: Write to a Friend MonthWrite the first paragraph of a letter that you might send to a friend that you havent seen for a long time.December 12 - Theme: National Cocoa DayIf you were given a choice of a hot beverage, which of the following would you choose: coffee, tea, or cocoa? Why?December 13: Theme:  National Day of The HorseEncouraging citizens to be  mindful  of the contribution of horses to the economy, history, and character of the United States. If you cannot write about the horse, then what other animals would you suggest be celebrated on this date?December 14 - Theme: First Miniature Golf Course OpenedHave you ever played miniature golf? What is your opinion of it?December 15 - Theme: Bill of Rights DayDo you think that freedom of speech should be absolute or restricted in certain circumstances? Explain your answer.December 16 - Theme: Boston Tea PartyAre you the type of person who would have participated in the Boston Tea Party, throwing tons of t ea overboard into the water to protest British laws and taxes? December 17 - Theme: Underdog DayDo you tend to root for the reigning champion or the underdog? Explain your answer.December 18 - Theme: Wear a Plunger on Your Head DayDescribe the silliest thing you have ever worn (or been forced to wear).December 19 - Theme: Peace and GoodwillWhat is the nicest thing that anyone has ever done for you? Write a thank you note to that person for their actions.December 21 - Theme: WinterWrite a poem or a short piece of prose about winter. Make sure to include the five senses in your writing.December 22 - Theme: Forefathers DayIt is a commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1620.Who are your forefathers or ancestors? What achievements did they make?December 23 - Theme: Date Nut Bread DayFood historians believe that the date palm was first farmed in the Middle East around 6000 BCE. What foods that you eat today may be studied by food historians 1000 years from now?December 24 - Theme: National Egg N og DayWhats your favorite food to eat during the winter holidays? Describe it in detail. December 25 - Theme:  National Pumpkin Pie DayPies are meant to be shared. If you had to divide a pie to share, what would be the size of each slice? Why? Who would you share this pie with?ORDecember 25 - Theme: A’habet of No L DayA’phabet Day or No â€Å"L† Day is a pun on â€Å"Noel.†What is a pun? Read some examples. Can you write a few puns?December 26 - Theme:  Boxing DayBoxing Day is celebrated in the United Kingdom. These boxes are, in essence, holiday bonuses.  If you could not receive money as a bonus, what would you like to find in a box as a bonus for being a good student?December 27 - Theme: Visit the Zoo DayPretend you were visiting a zoo. Which animal would you want to see first and why?December 28 - Theme: Card Playing DayDo you like to play card games? If so, which do you like and why? If not, why not?ORDecember 28: Theme Pledge of Allegiance Day.​Congress formally recognized the Pledge of Allegiance on December 28, 1945.What d o you think about when you make this pledge?December 29 - Theme: BowlingHave you ever been bowling? Do you like this sport? Why or why not? December 30 - Theme: Looking BackWrite a paragraph detailing at least three good things that happened to you during this past year.December 31 - Theme: New Years EveHow do you commemorate New Years Eve? Describe your celebrations in detail. Source Interview with Rosa Parks. Scholastic, 2019.

What shall I Render unto God (psalm 116) Speech or Presentation

What shall I Render unto God (psalm 116) - Speech or Presentation Example In response to all the blessing that God bestowed on the psalmist, he offered to be His servant for the rest of his life. He promised to do what God asked him to do for the rest of his life, as he according to him he would serve the Lord on this earth as long as he lives (Psalm 116:12-18). There are several physical and spiritual benefits that God bestows on us every day. Physical Needs: God has bestowed numerous blessing on us, even after all the disobedience and sin we do. Our physical needs that are fulfilled by God on the daily basis include the need for food, safety and other physiological needs. Responding back to God through our love: We may respond back to God for all His blessing by loving him. This can only be done if we follow the commandments that were sent to us through Moses and the teaching of Jesus (John 14:23). Responding back through praise: Lord our God likes it when we praise him through different hymns and other means. We can show Him our loyalty by praising Him and praying to no one but Him. In psalm 116, the psalmist promise to offer a cup of wine to the Lord as a gesture of gratitude (Psalm 116:8). Responding back through worship: We have been instructed in the Bible that we must obey the day of the Sabbath. The Lord, our God, listens to the worships and bestows upon us His blessings in return (Psalm 68:4-5). Responding back through Body: We have been created to serve a purpose on earth. Serving the Lord by serving His creations and worshipping Him is how we can respond to His blessings through our bodies. In return of our sacrifice God blesses us with a long and healthy life (Proverb

Post-war Economy in Japan and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-war Economy in Japan and China - Essay Example General Douglas MacArthur held the fort of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP), thereby commencing the reformation process that was essential for rebuilding the devastated nation (Caprio & Sugita, 2007). MacArthur endorsed an extensive series of social, political, militaristic and economic reforms that got rid of the feudal society. In 1945, the International Allied Council for Japan, whose creation was essential for assisting the United States, presided over the disbanding of Japan’s naval and military forces (Dower, 2000). Conversely, the Council controlled the dissolution of the colonial empire that was still in existence in Japan. The occupation policy by the Americans was not only essential for demilitarizing the country, but it was vital for destroying the existing conditions that had made Japan into an aggressor country (Dower, 2000). It was necessary for America to destroy these conditions to transform Japan into a democratic and peaceful nation that could not threaten other countries or international peace. The most apparent changes experienced were political. The political democratization focused on revising the Meiji constitution, leading to the promulgation of a new constitution in 1947 (Dower, 2000). Apart from expanding the electorate to accommodate every adult, including women, the new constitution guaranteed the citizens fundamental political and civil rights. Other guaranteed rights were inclusive of the rights to collective bargaining and the right of labor. Economically, America instituted land reforms, which was an essential consideration that could support the political changes made. The provision took away land from big landowners, thereby distributing the large tracts to the farmers who constituted approximately 50% of the labor force in the country (Dower, 2000). The Japanese inhabitants welcomed the changes implemented.

Term structure of interest rates Research Paper

Term structure of interest rates - Research Paper Example The tendency to slope upwards occurs when short-term rates of interest are low, and the tendency to slope downwards occurs when short-term rates of interest are high. Thirdly, in most cases, the yield curve slopes upwards (Fisher, 6). The paper shall also present a model that can be used for the pricing of bonds. The model is known as Vasicek’s Model. According to economic theory, one primary factor used to explain the differences in interest rates on various securities might be variations in their terms. That is in terms of lengths of time before maturity. The term structure of interest rates refers to the association between the terms of securities and their market rates of interest (Russell, 36). Economists usually use a diagram known as a yield curve to designate the term structure of interest rates on particular types of securities at a certain point in time. Consequently, the theory of the yield curve is used to describe the term structure of interest rates (Russell, 36). The determinants of the relationship between returns on securities and their terms of maturity have remained an issue of interest, for economists for a long time. By providing a conclusive schedule of interest rates over a period, the term structure captures the market’s speculations of future events. A description of the term structure offers a means of extracting this information and predicting how variations in the underlying variables affect the yield curve (Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross, 385). In an attempt to understand the term structure of interest rates, this paper shall explore three common theories that have long been used to explain the term structure. These theories include the Expectations Hypothesis, the Segmented Markets Theory, and the Preferred Habitat or Liquidity Premium Theory. The expectations hypothesis has several variations. However, they all place a predominant focus on holding-period returns or the expected values of future spot

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Personal statement - Essay Example A Master’s Degree in Cass business school for Supply Chain Management or Investment Management will not only widen my professional horizon but will also increase my change for professional advancement by being more effective in the business organization. My name is Talal Alajou and I graduated with honors from University of Westminster with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Management. The key areas of study in the University of Westminster involved International Business, Entrepreneurship Theory to Practice, Marketing Management, Operation and Project Management among others. I also took International Foundation Programme in Humanities and Social Science in Kings College where I polished my academic English and engaged myself with international culture. My preparatory high school was spent in Saudi Arabia where I graduated valedictorian at The Kingdom Schools, Riyadh with an almost perfect grade of 98.30% or 3.93 GPA. In addition to my academic undertakings, I also enjoy doing volunteer work. Back home in Saudi Arabia, I am heavily engaged with charity work that looks after the orphans and I intend to continue this fulfilling undertaking for as long as I can do it. I am also culturally agile and bilingual. I have an international background and took formal study about culture at Kings College and this unique background put me in a better situation to easily understand and adjust to different kind of people coming. I believe this is an essential skill in a globalized working place where we have to work with people from different cultural and social background. I chose to pursue my graduate school in UK because of its welcoming attitude towards diversity. UK might have a deep European history but its inclusive environment welcomes people from different nationality particularly those students with Middle Eastern background. I chose to pursue my Master’s Degree in Cass business school in

Victorian Era Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victorian Era - Assignment Example The term ‘machine for living’ was coined by the French architect Le Corbusier. According to him he felt that a an owner of a house has needs and that is why a house should a machine for living. He was known for designs of Victorian homes which were designed with the idea and his vision for house being a machine for living. Gothic furniture is very influenced by gothic architecture. It contains the unique artwork which is related to church designs and trefoil shapes. Generally the upper back portion of the chairs is very similar the church designs and the carvings are similar to the gothic architecture. Still room was generally found in castles and large establishment in the medieval times. It was used as a distillery room and was connected to the kitchen. The room was mainly used to baking, preparing drinks and jams and the lady of the house of in charge of it. The two new rooms that were introduced during the Victorian era were the billiards room and the smoking room. Billiards room as the name suggests should not be confused with the game of billiards, rather the room was used as a place of entertainment. The smoking room was a place where men would often retire after their supper. In the earliest times, glass was considered a precious material and was so highly valued that it was only used by the wealthiest families as their windows. It started becoming more popular during the 14th century and was developed to make flat window glasses. The French glass blowers developed it for the first time and it was called the crown glass. This made it possible for house owners to start using glass for their windows. The Victorian Era was considered the time often fakes due to one particular reason. The faux fireplace was the reason behind it. When the parlor stoves became a common way to heating a room, they were most of time place in front of an existing fireplace. The Victorians would seal up their existing fireplace with

Adidas competing with Nike in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adidas competing with Nike in china - Essay Example bout combining the consumers to the product design and create solid plans and methods in building long-lasting relationship between the business and the customers. Marketing is seen not only in business but also in other aspects of life like arts, fashion, retailers, publishers, people, internet providers, tourism, education, government, non-profit organizations and even sports (Groucutt, Leadley and Forsyth, 2004). In the 20th century it is note-worthy to take note of the globalization of business which is affected by internal factors such as mission, systems, management and resource structures; external factors like customers, suppliers, labor force, shareholders, society, technology, governments, economy and competition (Lussier and Kimball, 2009). According to Heizer and Render, most companies that enter the global markets like Europe, South America and China expand their businesses especially supply chains with challenges. Proper and innovative strategic planning and careful research must be conducted to reduce the high political and currency risks in all countries around the world. Some key points for global supply chains are: to be able to adjust to quick changes like currency exchange fluctuations, distribution channels and parts availability; to be able to use the computer and internet technology to manage the system, schedule and distribution; to be able to seek help from teams made u p of specialists to handle all sorts of issues. A good example is Mc Donald’s, the fast food chain had planned six years ahead before expanding in Russia and had a supply chain there to lower the cost of distribution and to keep the quality of the food (Gaspar et. al, 2006). Nike and Adidas have been competing in the arena of shoe industry. Currently Nike get the most market share especially in East Asia which many sports fans are located. The technique done by Nike is subcontracting. The company harnessed the vast man power of China by subcontracting some Chinese shoe

Freedom as it Exists Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Freedom as it Exists Today - Essay Example Democracy does not look the same as it did in 1620. Self-professed Christians do not believe everyone should have the right to worship in their own manner. They believe their version of religion should be taught in schools regardless of its intellectual merit and foisted on American citizens for their own spiriual good. Renaissance humanism has become so much a part of the consciousness of people in Western societies, that the idea of someone telling them how they should worhip never even occurs to them. Many people who live in the United States also never consider the priveleges of living in a democracy, the ability to have equal say in how the government is run. In fact, people in the United States have become so accustomed to the notion of democracy, many do not even participate in it. That is, they do not exercise their right to vote, which is the privilege of democracy, having an equal voice in what laws are passed and who will represent citizens in government. Even worse, accor ding to Frances Fox Piven is â€Å"the sheer complexity of our economic and political system [that] makes democratic choice and deliberation difficult if not impossible. Democratic possibilities depend crucially on the ability of the public to understand what is happening to our society and why, and especially on the ability of the public to decipher the role of government policies (Howard, 2011, p. 68). Each session of the congresses result in more laws that the average citizen may not understand or even have knowledge of. The candidates for office are chosen on their ability to pay for their campaign and not so much on their fitness for office or their ideas. These people with lots of money pass laws favoring their own kind and cloak it in propaganda that fools the gullible electorate into believing it is for their welfare. When and if the people who were fooled into voting for it find out they have been duped, it is too late. Is it any wonder that many do not vote? They do not k now what they are voting for, and

Adidas competing with Nike in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adidas competing with Nike in china - Essay Example bout combining the consumers to the product design and create solid plans and methods in building long-lasting relationship between the business and the customers. Marketing is seen not only in business but also in other aspects of life like arts, fashion, retailers, publishers, people, internet providers, tourism, education, government, non-profit organizations and even sports (Groucutt, Leadley and Forsyth, 2004). In the 20th century it is note-worthy to take note of the globalization of business which is affected by internal factors such as mission, systems, management and resource structures; external factors like customers, suppliers, labor force, shareholders, society, technology, governments, economy and competition (Lussier and Kimball, 2009). According to Heizer and Render, most companies that enter the global markets like Europe, South America and China expand their businesses especially supply chains with challenges. Proper and innovative strategic planning and careful research must be conducted to reduce the high political and currency risks in all countries around the world. Some key points for global supply chains are: to be able to adjust to quick changes like currency exchange fluctuations, distribution channels and parts availability; to be able to use the computer and internet technology to manage the system, schedule and distribution; to be able to seek help from teams made u p of specialists to handle all sorts of issues. A good example is Mc Donald’s, the fast food chain had planned six years ahead before expanding in Russia and had a supply chain there to lower the cost of distribution and to keep the quality of the food (Gaspar et. al, 2006). Nike and Adidas have been competing in the arena of shoe industry. Currently Nike get the most market share especially in East Asia which many sports fans are located. The technique done by Nike is subcontracting. The company harnessed the vast man power of China by subcontracting some Chinese shoe

Sociological Theories Response Essay Example for Free

Sociological Theories Response Essay In the Virgin Islands there is program that is run by the police force by the name of SADD (Students against Destructive Decisions). The program is run by local Police Officers with the involvement of the Chief Police. There are also volunteers that are made up of parents and some business personnel’s. This program helps children and adolescents make wise choices when it comes to their actions and choosing their friends. The program assists with after school care that includes homework help, tutoring and literacy help. There are also sports programs, counseling and outreach upport for those that are in need. The business aspect helps young adolescents with preparation of resumes and business etiquette when it comes to job searches. For me this program holds true to the social structure theory because it embodies all aspects of uplifting, nurturing and educating young adolescents and children to do right(Virgin Island Police Department, 2010). My next program that I will look at is one that embodies social process theories. The New Zealand National Parliament implemented a program called Family Group Conferencing. This program embodies child and youth affairs that range from care and protection matters to social welfare problems. The program helps individual and their families with education, healthcare and assists with curbing youth delinquency. This program also gives considerable decision making power to individuals rather than the state when it comes to parents and their families. They also provide funding to programs on child subsidy, helping parents who are unemployed to find and keep jobs (Cengage Learning, 2010). The Social conflict theory is known as society as a whole always battling for what is ight and trying to confirm ones belief unto someone else. It is people fighting for a justice that they feel should be equaled across the boards, whether or not it affects a certain group of people the goal is to have and keep the less fortunate at a level of low poverty. The Cooke, Fannin and Grayson County Juvenile Boot Campis facility that helps boys between the ages of 12 through 17 years old. Their goal is to keep those troubled individuals out of the justice system through counseling, therapy and acceptance of ones actions. The boot camp is established as a leader in providing top otch programs to juvenile offenders and it also has specialized commons that serves sex offenders and substance abuse offenders. Their goal is a step by step program that offers educational, therapeutic and socio-education opportunities. Discipline and physical activities are also part of the curriculum. The programs belief are being in a structured but nonrestrictive environment helps these young men begin a process of trust. By building on that platform the individuals will be able to be compliant within societal norms (Cook, Fannin and Grayson County Boot Camp, 2009).

Human Factors in System Design

Human Factors in System Design This assignment highlights the human factors that are important to be considered in system design of a website. A justification, why the client would pay the mentioned amount is highlighted in this assignment. An evaluation of the usability specification of the chosen website www.best-electronics-ca.com has been discussed in details. Moreover, a critical evaluation of the site is also evaluated. The physical as well as the psychological factors are also addressed. Justification of the cost incurred The cost incurred for the evaluation of the website is  £650 per day. In order to evaluate the website, the easy of navigation needs to be evaluated. Moreover, the attractiveness of the design needs to be considered. The ease of use as well as the efficiency of the interface is also to be measured. The attractiveness of the interface has to be evaluated as well. Thus the cost estimated is justified (Ashraf and Thongpapanl 2015). Moreover, the usability goals of the website have to be measured along with the planning of the website. Thus, the usability specification needs to be evaluated using high or low fidelity prototyping techniques such as storyboard. The interface design principles are to be evaluated. Hence the incurred cost is well justified. Moreover, the website needs to be reconsidered and the design and ease of use needs to be revised. Hence, this project is an essential one (Bilgihan and Bujisic 2015). The maintenance cost and the labor costs are also considered. This w ould increase the productivity of the company and in the long run would reduce the maintenance cost and save time, with the ease of use. Critical analysis and evaluation of the website The given website is evaluated against the various aspects of an ideal website. These are as follows: Navigation: The navigation of a website is an important factor. In the chosen website, the navigation is very poor (Ashraf and Thongpapanl 2015). The contents of the website overcrowd the navigation buttons and the user would find it difficult to navigate easily from one functionality to the other. Attractiveness of the design: The design of the website is very poor and low graded. The website is not visually soothing to the user, as there are not images or pictorial representations. The design is not at all attractive, since the users do not find it easy to use the website (Bilgihan and Bujisic 2015). Ease of use: The ease of use of the website is not good, since the users would get confused with the contents and the navigations. Moreover, the navigation buttons are lost inside the contents of the website. Thus, the ease of use is very poor. Efficiency of the interface: The interface is not at all easy to use. There is no specific panel for the navigation buttons. Moreover, no pictorial representation and no user assistance button is available. Clarity of the interface: The interface is not clear. The text is not formatted well, and hence is not visually appealing. Moreover the interface lacks clarity. Users would take a lot of time to locate the navigation buttons, among the contents of the website. Content: The content is relevant and useful. However, the font size and style are not consistent. Call to action: Call to action refers to the words or set of words that helps the visitors to take immediate actions. This feature is unavailable in the evaluated website. The users do not have any scope to opt for the call to action (Ashraf and Thongpapanl 2015). Usability goals These include the expectations of a user while using a website. The specifications of the usability goals are as follows: Accessibility: This refers to the evaluation of a website on the basis of how well the navigation options are separated from the content of the website. Moreover, the structural setting of the website also determines the accessibility of the website (Hood et al. 2015). This website is not easily assessable, since the navigation options are not separated from the contents of the website. Security: The security of the website is an essential feature. The security of the website is not strong since it could be easily hacked. Now level: With the wide use of mobile phones, the websites require to be easily accessible using mobile phones. Since, the website itself is very clumsy in the desktop version; hence, using its mobile site would be clumber some for the users (Johnson 2013). The planned and minimum levels of acceptance: The minimum level of acceptance is quiet low for the evaluated website. Other conditions to be taken into account: The users need to be well versed in the computer since the website is not easy to use and the users need to be an expert in order to use the website. Evaluation of the website Specifications Expected Outcome Actual Outcome Navigation Easily navigable Not easily navigable Design Appealing to the user Notappealing to the user User interface Good and efficient Poor and inefficient Distinct Yes No Consistent Yes No Interactive Highly interactive to the users responses Not at all interactive Structured Well structured Not well structured Clickable Easily redirected to the desirable pages, on click Not easily redirected to the desired pages, on click Visual effects Attractive visual effects No visual effects at all Key human factors essential for website design While designing a website, there are various human factors that needs to be considered are as follows: 1. Recognition not recall: The human brain is made to recognize various icons and features of a website and not recall. Hence, the website needs to be designed in a way that the human brain recognizes (Hood et al. 2015). The icons used in the website needs to be familiar, hence easily recognized. In the chosen website, the icons used are not easily recognized. 2. 7 seconds: It has been researched that a human brain needs seven seconds to see and make choices. Hence, the website should not provide a huge number of choices. This is fulfilled by the website, as there is hardly any choice available for the user. 3. Brain like patterns: There are certain kinds of patterns that helps the brain to work faster and response faster. Hence the website needs to be designed considering that (Hood et al. 2015). However, the chosen website is very clumsy and the user finds it difficult to recognize and respond (Bilgihan and Bujisic 2015). 4. Sounds or audio recognition: This is essential element of a website. Inclusion of sounds in a website might assist the user that he was unable to understand by simply reading the instructions (Lopatovska 2015). 5. Visual effects: Human brain tends to retain facts they see, for a longer time, than things they read. Hence, the navigation of the website and the users assistance could be provided using visual effects (Singh et al. 2016). These are some of the physical and psychological factors of human beings that need to be considered while designing a website. However, none of the above mentioned features have been included in the considered website. A storyboard is a graphic organizer that includes illustrations and images in a website. This is used for the purpose of pre-visualizing and motion pictures. This could be used efficiently by the website in order to incorporate visual effects in the website. It is recommended that the website needs to be redesigned following the guidelines of an ideal website. The navigation buttons needs to be placed in such a way that they are easily traceable and identified by the user (Ashraf and Thongpapanl 2015). Moreover, the font of the content needs to be structured and formatted, in order to enhance the quality of the website. It is also recommended that the website includes visual assistance and attractive user interface. The contents need to be arranged in a systematic way such that the users find it easy to read the contents (Ashraf and Thongpapanl 2015). The clarity of facts and consistent of the contents have to be incorporated as well. The overall presentation of the website needs to be improved, along with enhancement of the technical consistency of the website. The ease of use of the website has to be considered as well. The key human factors those are essential for a good website has to be incorporated. Finally, the security issues nee ds to be incorporated such that the details of the users are kept confidential. Thus, to conclude it might be stated that, the chosen website needs a lot of improvements such that it is easily used by the users. The ease of use of the website would improve the cost per click as well. The addition of motion pictures using the storyboard is also recommended. This would definitely enhance the quality of the website and become appealing to the users. References Ashraf, A. and Thongpapanl, N.T., 2015. Is More Information Content Always Good? Investigating the Impact of Website Interface Features on E-Retailers Sales Performance. In Marketing Dynamism Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Sameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (pp. 560-563). Springer International Publishing. Bilgihan, A. and Bujisic, M., 2015. The effect of website features in online relationship marketing: A case of online hotel booking. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 14(4), pp.222-232. Hood, K.M., Shanahan, K.J., Hopkins, C.D. and Lindsey, K.K., 2015. The influence of interactivity on visit and purchase frequency: the moderating role of website informational features. Journal of Internet Commerce, 14(3), pp.294-315. Johnson, J., 2013. Designing with the mind in mind: simple guide to understanding user interface design guidelines. Elsevier. Lopatovska, I., 2015. Museum website features, aesthetics, and visitors impressions: a case study of four museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 30(3), pp.191-207. Singh, T., Malik, S. and Sarkar, D., 2016, April. E-commerce website quality assessment based on usability. In Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 101-105). IEEE.

Mathew and his Amazing Journey to Break my Heart :: essays papers

Mathew and his Amazing Journey to Break my Heart â€Å"Look at how his hair curls down on his forehead! Isn’t that so cute?† I whispered to my best friend Jenny who was seated next to me. Jenny and I have known each other since we were in diapers with teething rings. I could predict what she would do or say; it was even found that I could tell what she would be wearing that day, without her even telling me. We were both exactly alike also; in love with Mathew Jackson, in love with NSYNC, in love with the color pink, and the list went on. I still have memories of the pink hats we had that matched our pink dresses that we wore on Easter. And the Barbies we played with in Jenny’s pink dollhouse. Even the coloring books we colored completely pink. I also still have trillions of best friend necklaces Jenny and I bought and trillions of letters that spell out JENNY AND VALERIE ARE BEST FRIENDS FOREVER. So this is why I could tell you that Jenny would agree with my comment about Mathew’s hair. â€Å"Yes it is!† she whispered. We were still astounded to be in the same room as Mathew Jackson, the most handsome 8th grade boy; I take that back, the most handsome middle-school boy we both had ever seen. He was an accomplished student and athlete. He had everything and anything a guy would ever want, definitely a perfect 10. He was the president of Green Valley Middle School. Which explains what we were doing in the same room with him. He was going over some of the fundraisers we could do to raise money for our trip to Washington D.C. in April. When Jenny and I found out that Mathew was going to be present on the trip, we knew we had to be there. The calendar on the wall told the month to be February, and if we skipped a few pages to April, â€Å"D.C. TRIP!† was marked in red and yellow, our school colors. We were going to be riding on a train all the way from Tennessee to Washington D.C. I wanted to raise a lot of money to help my parents out as much as possible, not to mention get noticed by Mathew, who was at the top of the fundraising committee, for raising the most money.

Argumentative Essay: Guns Save Lives :: Gun Control Essays

The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations will continue to increase until owning a handgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens have guns, they are safer from criminals, bringing crime rates down. Con 1 Freedom has a price. For free speech the price is political dissent like flag burning, for freedom of religion you have to tolerate beliefs that differ from the masses. the right to assemble means that the nazis and clan can assemble too. The founding fathers felt that to protect these freedoms the population had to be armed. Hundreds of thousands of innocent people have died because of cars, and there's no movement to ban them. is the right to drive cars that much more important than protecting our freedom. CON 2 According to statistics there is 1 police officer for every 23,000 people in this country. Now how can that 1 policeman be there to protect me. The constitution does not guarantee us protection from murder or crime. It does provide us with a means to protect ourselves with the right to bear arms. We must stop trying to take hand guns away from law abiding citizens. Hand guns are here to stay and no legislation can rid the world of them. Think about it, there is a law making it illegal to own and use many drugs. Has that law stopped the drug problem we have in this country. CON 3 Even though there are statistics of gun violence, where are the charts of KNIFE violence or AUTOMOBILE violence? Not to mention deaths by screwdrivers, disease, baseball bats, crossbows, and on. IF a person really planned to kill anyone, that person would have found anything that would do the job. A disturbed person is more dangerous than a loaded gun, a gun is predictable, adisturbed person isn't. Two people hijacked a commercial jet liner with nothing beside a $5 box cutter that is readily available at your local hardware store, there is no restrictions on that. We already have over 20,000 gun laws on the books that are being ignored by criminals. In the Columbine High School tragedy, at least eighteen (18) existing anti-gun laws were broken. Does anyone really think the shooters cared they were breaking those anti-gun laws?

Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems)

Data Encryption Standard (DES) is an algorithm for decrypting and encrypting unstipulated information in the United States administration standard. DES is derived from IBM’s Lucifer code and is depicted by the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 46, with its current modification being FIDS 46-3 (Conrad, 2007). DES is a mass code that takes a plaintext sequence as a key in and generates a code transcript wording of the same measurement lengthwise.The mass of the DES obstruct is 64 bits which is also the same for the input dimension even though the 8 bits of the key are for the recognition of faults making the efficient DES input amount 56 bits. Because of the progressions in the authority of dispensation in workstations there are weaknesses in the 56-bit key extent presently (Conrad, 2007). In the company of proper hardware, there is a best chance assault on methodical efforts to all the 72 quadrillion hence, there is a possibility of dissimilar inputs.Advanced Encr yption Standard (AES) developed into an innovative FIPS-standard encryption average in 2001, 26th November to replace DES. Statistics Encryption Algorithm explains the definite algorithm as contested to the average. In such circumstances, TDEA is a short form for Triple DES. At the same time, there is a description of Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation ANSI X9. 52-1998 (Clayton & Bond, 2002). History of DES DES was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing standard. It was criticized by the people who felt that it’s 56 key lengths to be insecure.In spite of this, DES remained a strong encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of DES was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computer which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improved in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 networked personal computers and the EFF machi ne. DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).This Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a new era in cryptography. The development in the community of public cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availability of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. Public key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory.Public key algorithms are used for establishing a key because they are too slow to be used for most data transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically fa ster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The data Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptographic design principles that predate public key. The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer.It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a variant of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block cipher and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal function which is called a round. It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of moderate size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to enc rypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary text, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block.A number of operations are performed by the DES on each block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing; each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse. The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits; either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise.The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which case some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key spa ce. Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI capable of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel.The use of a meet in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not extend past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. Other attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES. This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically better than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis.There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is apparently known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic. Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to mount although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p.342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the plaintext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus compromise a whole set of messages. By designing their algorithms, cryptographer’s help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which can be avoided is the chos en text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption.The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342). Observations about DES The simplicity found in the DES amounts to some fully desirable properties. To start with it is the complementation. To illustrate, allow X to denote the bitwise complement of X. If C is the DES encryption of the plaintext P with key K, then P is the DES encryption of P with key K. In some cases the complementation can simplify DES cryptanalysis by basically cutting the investigating space in half.These properties do not cause serious weakness in the algorithm. The set generated by the DES permutations do not form a group. The group may have at least 102499 elements. There is strength in the DES when it lacks a group structure. It appears to be double encryption where this is twice by two different keys, EK2 (EK1 (P) and is not stronger than single encr yption. The reason is that when meeting in the middle attacks for a given plaintext cipher text pair, an adversary will compute all 256 possible enciphering of the plaintext i. e.EKi (P), and indexes the same. The adversary will then compute all possible deciphering of the cipher text (Landau, 2000, p. 345). Models of DES There are four forms of DES, which are accepted by FIPS 81. They include (ECB) Electronic Codebook form, code mass sequence form (CFB), productivity reaction form (OFB) and system response (CFB). The forms are used to with both DES and Triple DES. Within each form, there are main dissimilarities which are based on the fault proliferation and obstruct vs. tributary codes (Conrad, 2007). Electronic Codebook (ECB) ModeIn this form of encryption, there is sovereign encryption into respective blocks of codes text. It is done by means of Feistel code which generates 16 sub-inputs derived from the symmetric input and also encrypts the plaintext using 16 surroundings of co nversion. Similarly, the development is used in the conversion of code text reverse into simple text with the dissimilarity that, 16 sub inputs are contributed in overturn arrangement. The result of repeated blocks of identical plaintext is the repeated blocks of cipher text which is capable of assisting in the vault investigation of the code wording.In Appendix 1 there is an illustration of the result (Conrad, 2007). The first picture of SANS symbol is the bitmap layout. The second picture is the encrypted logo of SANS bitmap via DES ECB form. The visibility of the model is due to the recurring of masses of the simple wording pixels in the bitmap which are encrypted into masses which are repeated and are of particular code pixels. In this form, faults do not proliferate due to the autonomous encryption of each obstruct. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) ModeThe CBC form is an obstruct code which XORs every original obstruct of simple wording with the previous block of code wording. This indicates that repeated obstructs of simple wording do not give rise to repeated obstructs of code wording. CBC uses a vector of initialization which is an arbitrary original obstructs used to make sure that two simple wordings result in different code wordings. In figure 2 of the Appendix there is a clear illustration of the same SANS symbol bitmap data, encrypted with DES CBC form. There is no visibility of any prototype which is true for all DES forms apart from ECB.Therefore, in this mode, there is proliferation of faults as each prior step’s encrypted output is XORed with the original obstructing of simple wording (Conrad, 2007). Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode The Cipher Feedback Mode is a tributary code that encrypts simple wording by breaking into X (1-64) bits. This permits encryption of the level of byte or bits. This mode uses an arbitrary vector of initialization. The preceding elements of code wording are XORed with consequent components of code wording. Therefore, in this mode of CBC there is proliferation of faults (Conrad, 2007).Output Feedback (OFB) Mode Similar to CFB form, the productivity reaction form makes use of the vector of random initialization and also encrypts simple wording by shattering downward into a tributary by encrypting components of X (1-64) bits of simple wording. This form fluctuates from CFB form by generating a simulated-arbitrary tributary of productivity which is XORed with the plaintext during every step. Therefore, the productivity is fed back to the simple wording and because the output is XORed to the simple wording, faults there is no proliferation of mistakes (Conrad, 2007).Counter (CTR) Mode The oppose form is a tributary code similar to OFB form. The main disparity is the accumulation of contradict obstructs. The offset can be supplementary to an arbitrary importance that is used only once and then increased for each component of simple wording that is encrypted. The initial counter obstructs acts as a vecto r of initialization. Therefore, in each surrounding there is XORing of the offset obstructs with simple wording. Accumulation of offset obstructs permits disintegration of encryption into equivalent phases, improving presentation on a suitable hardware.There is no proliferation of mistakes (Clayton & Bond, 2002). (Table 1 in the Appendix summarizes the Data Encryption Standard). Triple DES (T DES) In anticipation of 2030, TDES can be used as FIPS encryption algorithm which is permitted in order to allow conversion to AES. There are three surroundings of DES which are used by TDES which have an input extent of 168 bits (56 * 3). There is a possibility of reduced effective key length of TDES to roughly 12 bits though beast might assaults against TDES re not realistic at present (Conrad, 2007).Architecture for Cryptanalysis All modern day practical ciphers both symmetrical and asymmetrical make use of security apparatus depending on their key length. In so doing, they provide a margin of security to cover from computational attacks with present computers. Depending on the level of security which is chosen for any software application, many ciphers are prone to attacks which unique machines having for instance a cost-performance ratio (Guneysu, 2006).Reconfigurable computing has been recognized as way of reducing costs while also acting as an alternative to a variety of applications which need the power of a custom hardware and the flexibility of software based design such as the case of rapid prototyping (Diffie & Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84). What this means is that cryptanalysis of today’s cryptographic algorithms need a lot of computation efforts. Such applications map by nature to hardware based design, which require repetitive mapping of the main block, and is easy to extend by putting in place additional chips as is needed.However, it should be noted that the mere presence of resources for computation is not the main problem. The main problem is availab ility of affordable massive computational resources. The non-recurring engineering costs have enabled hardware meant for special purpose cryptanalysis in virtually all practicable situations unreachable. This has been unreachable to either commercial or research institutions, which has only been taken by government agencies as feasible (Diffie & Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84).The other alternative to distributed computing with loosely coupled processors finds its base on the idle circles of the large number of computers connected through the internet. This method has considerably been successful for some applications. However, the verified detection of extraterrestrial life is considerably still a problem more so for unviable problems with power of computing in a particular organization (Guneysu, 2006). In cryptanalysis some algorithms are very suitable for special-purpose hardware.One main example for this is the search for the data encryption standard (DES) (FIPS, 1977). What this mean s is that a brute- force attack is more than twice the magnitude faster when put in place on FPGA’s as opposed to in software on computers meant for general purposes at relatively the same costs (FIPS, 1977). That notwithstanding, for many crypto algorithms the advantages due to cost-performance of hardware meant for special purposes over those meant for ordinary purposes is not really as dramatic as is usually the case of DES, more so for public-key algorithms (Guneysu, 2006).Arising from the advent of low-cost FPGA families with much logic approaches recently, field programmable gate arrays offer a very interesting way for the thorough computational effort which cryptanalysis needs (Lesnsta & Verheul, 2001, pp. 255-293). Many algorithms dealing with the most important problems in cryptanalysis is capable of being put in place on FPGAs. Code breaking though, requires more additional efforts as opposed to just programming a single FPGA with a certain algorithm (Electronic Fro ntier Foundation, 1998).Owing to the enormous perspectives of cryptanalysis problems, many more resources as opposed to FPGA are needed. This implies that the main need is massively powerful parallel machinery suited to the requirements of targeted algorithms. Many problems are capable of being put in parallel and are perfectly suited for an architecture distributed. Conventional parallel architectures for computing can theoretically be used for applications of cryptanalysis (Guneysu, 2006). An optical Architecture to Break Ciphers The targeted DES brute force attack has several characteristics.To begin with, expensive computational operations which are put in parallel. Next, there is no need of communication between single parallel instances. The next characteristic is the fact that the general expense for communication is not high owing to the fact that the stage of computation strongly outweighs the data input and output stages. According to Blaze et al, (1996), communication is almost entirely used for results reporting as well as initialization. A central control instance with regards to communication is capable of being accomplished by a conventional low cost personal computer, connected simply by an interface.This would imply that there is no need for a high-speed communication interface. The fourth characteristic is the fact that a DES brute-force attack and its following implementation require little memory. The final consequence of the above is the fact that the available memory on present day low cost FPGAs is sufficient (Guneysu, 2006). What this implies is that by making use of low-cost FPGAs, it is possible to develop a cost effective dynamic architecture which is capable of being reprogrammed which would be able to accommodate all the targeted architectures (Blaze et al, 1996).Realization of COPACOBANA Drawing back, the Cost-Optimized Parallel Code Breaker (COPACOBANA) meeting the needs available comprise of several independent-low prized FPGAs, connected to a hosting PC by way of a standard interface such as a USB. Moreover, such a standard interface permits to extend a host-PC with more than one device of COPACOBANA. The initialization of FPGAs, the control as well as the process of results accumulation is carried out by the host. Critical computations are carried out by the FPGAs, which meet the actual cryptanalytical architecture (Schleiffer, 2006).Developing a system of the above speculations with FPGA boards which are commercially available is certainly possible but at a cost. Therefore it is important to put into considerations the design and layout among others in coming up with the above kind of system (Schleiffer, 2006). This would therefore mean that our cost-performance design meant for cost optimization is only capable of being achieved if all functionalities are restricted to those required for code breaking. Arty the same time, many designs choices should be based on components and interfaces which are readi ly available (Guneysu, 2006).Conclusion In conclusion, cryptanalysis of symmetric and asymmetric ciphers is extremely demanding in terms of computations. It would be fair to hold the belief that breaking codes with conventional PCs as well as super-computers is very much costly. Bit-sizes of keys should be chosen in a way that traditional methods of code breaking do not succeed (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). This would mean that the only way to go through ciphers is to develop special-purpose hardware purposely meant for suitable algorithms.In the final analysis, traditional parallel architecture in the end equally appears to be too complicated and therefore not cost saving in finding solutions to cryptanalytical problems. As earlier observed, many of these problems can easily be put in parallel implying that the algorithms which correspond to them are equally capable of being parameterized to lower communication costs (Guneysu, 2006). A hardware architecture which is cost effec tive (COPACOBANA) is the end product of the algorithmic requirements of the intended problems of cryptanalysis.This work represents not only the design but also the first prototype of an effective design which meets the demands of the request. In the final analysis, COPACOBANA would be able to accommodate as many as 120 FPGAs which are less costly. At the same time, it is possible to break data encryption standard (DES) within a period of nine days. This would require a hardware design comprising of reprogrammable logic which could be adopted to accommodate any task, even those not necessarily in line with code breaking (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). References Blaze, M.. , Diffie, W. , Rivest, R. L., Scheiner, B. , Shimomura, E. , and Weiner, M (1996). Minimal Key Lengths for Symmetry Ciphers to Provide Adequate Commercial Security. Ad Hoc Group of Cryptographers and Computer Scientists. Retrieved from December, 13, 2008 from http://www. counterpane. com/keylength. html. Clayto n, R. and Bond, M. (2002). Experience Using a Low-Cost FPGA Design to Crack DES Keys. In B. S. Kaliski, C. K. Koc Cetin, and C. Paar, editors, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems – CHES 2002, 4th International Workshop, Redwood Shores, CA, USA,volume 2523 of series, pages 579 – 592. Springer-Verlag. Conrad, E. (2007).Data Encryption Standard, The SANS Institute Diffie, W & Hellman, M. E. (1977). Exhaustive cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard. Computer, 10(6): 74-84 Electronic Frontier Foundation. (1998). Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Poolitics & Chip Design. O’Reilly & Associates Inc. Federal Information Processing Standard. (1977). Data Encryption Standard, U. S Department of Commerce. Guneysu, T. E. (2006). Efficient Hardware Architecture for Solving the Discrete Logarithm Problem on Elliptic Curves. AAmasters thesis, Horst Gortz Institute, Ruhr University of Bochum. Landau, S.(2000). Standing the Test of Time: The Data Encryption Standard vol. 47, 3, pp. 341-349. Lenstra, A and Verheul, E. (2001). Selecting Cryptographic Key Sizes. Journal of Cryptology, 14(4):255–293. Rouvroy, G. , Standaert, F. X. , Quisquater, J. , and Legat, D. (2003). Design Strategies and Modified Descriptions to Optimize Cipher FPGA Implementations: Fast and Compact Results for DES and Triple-DES. In Field-Programmable Logic and Applications- FPL, pp. 181-193 Schleiffer, C. (2006). Design of Host Interface for COPACOBANA. Technical report, Studienarbeit, Host Gortz Institute, Ruhr University Bochum